The indoor climate

The indoor climate is expected to reach 20°C for all models. In the calculation models the heat pump is used to reach a temperature of 16°C. Internal gains are expected to contribute to the last temperature increase.
The actual indoor temperature has not been measured in the Fraunhofer field measurements. Thereby it is not possible to compare the real indoor temperatures with the temperatures estimated in the calculation models.

The outdoor

The outdoor climate follows the climate of the year.  The calculation models use the same temperature climate when calculating SPF for the ground source heat pumps. The climate corresponds to a European average climate, Strasbourg, with the coldest temperature of - 10°C.
The field measurements of the ground source heat pumps are carried out in Germany. The heat pumps installations used for the SPF calculations are spread over the country, from the Hamburg area in the north to Stuttgart in the south. In the calculation models the average climate is chosen as the climate mostly corresponding to the German.
The air to air heat pump installation is made in a climate that is similar to the “colder” climate. Therefore the colder climate is used in the calculation models when calculating SPF for the air to air heat pump.

normally measured

SPF1 is normally measured on the brine/water sides of the evaporator/condenser, but it could also be measured directly in the refrigeration loop with e.g. the Climacheck equipment [10]. This requires measurement of the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant. This methodology is very efficient if the status/condition or diagnosis of the heat pump is to be evaluated, but generally in domestic heat pumps, the measurement  is not easy to carry out since measurement sockets are not generally installed

Purpose

Purpose
It is the intent of this document to provide consumers
and specifiers of HVAC system cleaning and restoration
services with information needed to help ensure that
cleaning is performed to acceptable standards and in
such a manner that the services contribute to improved
system cleanliness and/or system performance.
This standard also defines the requirements necessary
to construct and install service openings in HVAC
systems.
1.3 Application
ACR 2006 provides standards and guidance for industry
professionals, HVAC cleaning and restoration service
providers, building owners and others who manage
HVAC systems.
The requirements of this standard apply to all
classifications of buildings, except as otherwise specified
herein.

ACR 2006 is the fourth edition

ACR 2006 is the fourth edition of NADCA's standard for
HVAC system cleaning. The first edition, NADCA Standard
1992-01, raised the performance bar for the industry by
establishing the first method to verify post-cleaning
cleanliness levels. The second edition, ACR 2002, built on
the principles established in NADCA Standard 1992-01, but
included many additional provisions for evaluating
cleanliness before cleaning as well as requirements for how
to perform cleaning services

commercial, industrial,

ACR 2005 was written for commercial, industrial,
healthcare, marine and residential applications. The
Standard represented NADCA’s continued commitment to
being the HVAC cleaning industry’s authoritative source for
information related to HVAC system cleaning and
restoration. ACR 2005 reflected a national and
international collaboration of indoor environmental
professionals, HVAC professionals, remediation, restoration
and cleaning organizations all working together to create a
document that was globally relevant in today’s society.
The fourth edition, ACR 2006, incorporates everything from
ACR 2005, and includes an extensive protocol for cleaning
coils. In addition, Standard 05, Requirements for the
Installation of Service Openings in HVAC Systems, has
been incorporated into ACR 2006. The result is a
comprehensive standard that goes beyond previous
editions to provide for superior HVAC system cleaning and
restoration.

This standard defines procedures for assessing

This standard defines procedures for assessing the
cleanliness of HVAC systems and for determining when
cleaning is required.
This standard sets acceptable criteria for the safe and
effective cleaning and restoration of HVAC systems and
components. It also defines environmental engineering
principles necessary to control the migration of HVAC
system particulate.
This standard provides test methods for verifying HVAC
component cleanliness upon the completion of a
cleaning project. This standard defines procedures
necessary to allow HVAC system cleaning work to be
performed in accordance with the requirements of IICRC
S520, Standard and Reference Guide for Professional
Mold Remediation.
The requirements set forth in this document address
cleaning, building use, contaminant type, worker and
occupant health and safety, and project monitoring.
This standard identifies construction methods and
material performance criteria for the safe and effective
creation and installation of new service openings used to
facilitate the inspection and cleaning of HVAC systems.

Weakness

Weakness The model is not completely clear with its definitions of part loads. The part load ratio for which the heat pump is to be tested is the part load energy demand of the building at the corresponding temperature bin. To perform the SPF calculations according to prEN14825 the heat pump is tested at a certain climate (A,W or C) and a certain heat load profile for the building. This means that the test data might not be suitable for another climate or another heat load.

HVAC cleaning

HVAC cleaning services have been available since the
early 1900s. However, it was not until the 1970s that
growing public concern for better IAQ led to an
understanding of the importance of cleaning HVAC system
components. Public awareness has increased ever since.
Greater demand for HVAC cleaning resulted in dramatic
growth for the HVAC system cleaning industry both for firms
offering service, as well as those providing research and
knowledge of HVAC system cleaning and its impact on

After the HVAC s

After the HVAC system is installed and its operation begins,
the particulate accumulation process continues throughout
the life of the system. Poor design, installation and
maintenance practices, low-efficiency air filtration, air flow
bypass, inadequate or infrequent preventative maintenance
practices, humid conditions, and many other factors will
result in contaminated HVAC systems. HVAC systems may
also serve to transport and redistribute unwanted particles
from other sources in the building.

ACR 2005,

ACR 2005, the third edition, went further than any previous
NADCA standard. It covered the same essential elements
of assessment and cleaning detailed in the previous
documents and also provides more detailed requirements
for managing HVAC system cleaning projects, including
clearly defined conditions that require cleaning. ACR 2005
was revised such that its requirements were in accordance
with the latest standard for mold remediation published by
the Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration
Certification (IICRC), S520 - Standard and Reference
Guide for Professional Mold Remediation. By working in
cooperation with representatives from IICRC and other
industry organizations to update the ACR standard, the
2005 edition was a standard that could be utilized not only
as a standard for professional HVAC system cleaning
contractors, but also as a comprehensive reference source
for consumers, facility administrators, engineers, mold
restoration contractors, general contractors, architects, or
HVAC project design consultants

Strenghts A strength o

Strenghts A strength of standard prEN14825 is that it includes all kinds of heat pumps (except exhaust air heat pumps). The model treats heat pumps both in heating and cooling operation. The fact that the heat pump is tested in exactly part load should result in more sufficient results compared to degradation coefficient etc. The model is foreseeable and quite easy to follow

Determining HVAC System

Determining HVAC System Cleanliness  HVAC system cleanliness should be evaluated by visual inspection or an approved vacuum test method as outlined in appropriate NADCA standards. An HVAC interior surface is considered visibly clean when it is free of non-adhered debris. Vacuum test methods include visual surface comparison of “clean” areas before and after vacuuming as well as sampling a known surface area to determine the net weight of debris per area sampled to compare to an acceptable NADCA level

should be cleaned

HVAC systems should be cleaned when a visual inspection indicates excessive particulate debris or microbiological growth on any interior surfaces. A fiber optic system or video inspection system is recommended to document the condition of the system both before and after any cleaning. A limited amount of adhered dust is expected on the inside surfaces of HVAC systems and may not indicate a problem. Obvious problems that require cleaning and restoration would include visible microbiological contamination, significant amounts of particulate debris coming out of supply ducts, or deteriorated fiberglass insulation that was contaminating the supply air. In all cases, the source or cause of particulate contamination or microbiological proliferation must be determined and corrected prior to system cleaning.  
Visual inspection for cleanliness as outlined in Chapter 3 should be incorporated as part of the HVAC preventive maintenance schedule and should include all components of the system. The required frequency of inspection will vary depending on building use, occupant load, geographical location, and surrounding environment. In general, most HVAC systems should be inspected annually or biannually for cleanlines

mechanical cleaning techniques

When using mechanical cleaning techniques, care must be taken to avoid damaging insulated or lined duct work. Fiber glass insulated components should be cleaned using HEPA filtered exhaust equipment while the system is maintained under negative pressure. Fibrous glass insulated materials identified as damaged prior to or following system cleaning should be identified and replaced. Potential damage to fibrous glass insulation materials includes delaminating, friable material, fungal growth, or damp, wet material. If fiber glass insulation material must be replaced, all replacement materials and repair work must conform to applicable industry standards and codes.

Contractor Qualifications

Contractor Qualifications  The UCIAQ Committee recommends hiring a certified and trained contractor to perform HVAC system cleaning. Contractors should use accepted industry standards such as those outlined by the Association of Specialists in Cleaning and Restoration (ASCR), the National Air Duct Cleaners Association (NADCA), and the North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA). Although in-house facilities or custodial services may perform limited HVAC system cleaning activities (ie. removal of particulate debris from diffusers, cleaning and repairing small localized duct damage), specialized expertise, skill and experience is required to properly clean and restore an entire HVAC system to optimal performance

The periodic

The periodic cleaning of HVAC systems may be necessary to ensure delivery of acceptable air to the indoor environment. Cleaning may be required on older systems that have not been properly maintained, damaged systems, or in special cases such as following extensive indoor or outdoor construction activities. HVAC system cleaning is expensive and potentially disruptive to normal operations so all possible sources of IAQ problems should be investigated and corrected prior to determining the need for system cleaning.  Frequent cleaning of HVAC systems should not be required if the system is properly maintained as outlined in Chapter 3 of this document.

Is it cost effective

Is it cost effective to set the temperature down a few degrees at night? If so, to
what temperature or how many degrees lower should it be set overnight?
During extremely cold weather, it is advised to keep the temperature constant both
day and night. If the heat pump is trying to recover in the morning during a cold
snap, it will have a difficult time getting to the temperature that you want it to be.
Turn it down as far as you can and still have it recover in time to be comfortable.
Your comfort level is the most important

How much does a ductless heat pump cost?

 How much does a ductless heat pump cost?
The average cost to install a ductless heat pump with a single indoor unit is
approximately $3,500. Additional indoor units and greater heating capacities will
increase the cost of the system. Other factors that will affect the cost of an installed 3
system include manufacturer and model, refrigerant line-set length, difficulty of
installation, and contractor rates

Mechanical Cleaning Techniques

Mechanical Cleaning Techniques  Mechanical techniques are useful to clean certain HVAC components including duct work, fan components, diffusers, dampers, and internal surfaces of the air handling unit. When using mechanical cleaning methods, strict controls such as physical barriers, devices equipped with HEPA filtered exhaust, and system negative pressure must be used to contain and collect debris. Mechanical cleaning methods incorporate techniques to agitate and dislodge material as well as contain and remove it. Agitation devices may include power brushes, pressurized air and water systems, as well as hand tools such as brushes. Collection of dislodged particulate debris is achieved by vacuums. A vacuum collection device with an appropriate capture velocity should be connected to a service opening and operated continuously to collect material as it is dislodged. In certain areas of the HVAC system, direct contact vacuuming with a brush may be used to remove material from contaminated surfaces.  

Chemical Sanitizers and Biocides

Chemical Sanitizers and Biocides  The use of chemical sanitizers or biocides may be necessary to clean certain HVAC system components such as heating or cooling coils. Following the use of chemical cleaners, all residues should be completely rinsed from the coil surfaces and removed from the HVAC system. Chapter 3, HVAC Operation and Maintenance, discusses the importance of routine sanitizing and use of biocides in cooling towers to reduce the number of microorganisms including Legionella spp.  
The UCIAQ Committee discourages the use of chemical sanitizers or biocides to treat building supply and return duct work. Although many antimicrobial products are EPA approved for use on hard, non-porous surfaces, these products were not specifically designed for use in HVAC systems and have not been evaluated for potential occupant health exposure issues. Any use of chemical sanitizers or biocides in duct work should be carefully reviewed by a health and safety professional prior to treatment. Problems involving visible fungal growth inside duct work must be addressed by first determining the source of moisture and correcting this problem. Following correction of the moisture problem, the system can be cleaned using mechanical techniques and detergents. Porous HVAC system materials such as insulation or fabric filters contaminated with visible fungal growth should be discarded and replaced

Are ductless heat pumps efficient?

Are ductless heat pumps efficient?
Yes, ductless heat pumps can reduce heating costs up to 50%. It is important to
remember that while your overall heating cost will be lower, your electricity bill will
increase.
Three key factors account for the high efficiency of a ductless heat pump:
1. During the heating season, heat pumps move heat from the cool outdoors into
your warm house and during the cooling season, heat pumps move heat from your
cool house into the warm outdoors. Because they move heat rather than generate
heat, heat pumps can provide up to four times the amount of energy they consume.
2. Heat pumps use inverter-driven, variable-speed compressors that allow the
system to maintain constant indoor temperatures by running continuously at higher
or lower speeds. Thus, the system can ramp-up or down without great losses in
operating efficiency, avoiding the energy-intensive on/off cycling common in electric
resistance, baseboard hot water, and forced air systems.
3. Ductless heat pumps also dehumidify better than standard central air
conditioners, resulting in less energy usage and more cooling comfort in summer
months.

Why consider a heat pump for heating?

Why consider a heat pump for heating?
Ductless heat pumps deliver 2.5 to 3 times more energy in the form of heat than they
use in electricity to produce the heat. At current prices, heat pumps can provide the
same amount of heat as oil, kerosene, propane, and resistance electric heating
systems at roughly half the cost.
Q: How is the heat pump controlled?
The heat pump is operated using a programmable remote control. Because the
thermostat is located in the wall unit, which is mounted closer to the ceiling than a
conventional thermostat, selecting the ideal comfort level takes practice. The actual 2
settings on the remote control may need to be a few degrees higher or lower to
achieve the desired comfort.
Most heat pumps also offer various modes of operation such as quiet, high,
economy, or timer. Wall-mounted controls are also available

What are appropriate

What are appropriate applications for ductless heat pumps?
Supplemental heating – Ductless heat pumps are ideal to supplement your primary
heating system and generally pay for themselves in less than five years. Heat
pumps are most often installed in the most frequently used rooms as a supplemental
heat source.
Room additions – A heat pump can also be used when a room is added onto a
house or an attic is converted to living space. Rather than extending the home’s
existing ductwork or pipes, or adding electric resistance heaters, the ductless system
can provide efficient heating and cooling.
New construction – New home designs can be adapted to take advantage of a
ductless heat pump’s many benefits.

Do heat pumps really heat well in our climate?

Do heat pumps really heat well in our climate?
Yes, there are now heat pumps that are rated to work well in cold climates. Newer
refrigerants can carry more heat from colder air and newer heat pump inverter
technology more efficiently matches the work done by the heat pump to the heating
or cooling needs of the customer.
Units eligible for the Heat Pump Pilot Program are rated to perform at temperatures
as low as -15 degrees F, so they can operate efficiently for most days of the heating
season.

What is a ductless heat pump?

What is a ductless heat pump?
A ductless heat pump is a highly efficient heating and cooling system that does not
require ductwork. Ductless heat pump systems consist of an outdoor compressor
unit and one or more indoor units, linked by refrigerant lines. Using a refrigerant
vapor compression cycle, like a common household refrigerator, ductless heat
pumps collect heat from outside the house and deliver it inside on the heating cycle,
and vice versa on the cooling cycle.
Ductless heat pumps use variable speed compressors to continuously match the
heating/cooling load, avoiding the on/off cycling of conventional electric resistance
and central heating systems. This eliminates uncomfortable temperature variations
and high-energy consumption. An indoor unit contains a quiet oscillating fan to
distribute air into the space. It is mounted on a wall covering a three-inch hole where
the refrigerant lines pass through to the outside unit, which can be mounted up to 66
feet away. Each indoor unit heats and cools its own zone and can be controlled
independently

Acoustical cladding

Acoustical cladding material ought to be utilized around all funneling and ventilation work which

passes through clamor touchy territories inside structures. While it is prescribed

that, for most applications, the wrapping ought to be ceaseless over the length of

the funnel or conduit, it is admired that there are a few cases where this

speaks to a lot of material

Should extra acoustical executio

Should extra acoustical execution past the

abilities of a solitary hindrance layer be needed for an especially touchy venture,

it is proposed that a second layer be connected over the first. For ideal

results, this second layer ought to be divided from the first boundary layer with a

decoupler as talked about in passage 2 above. This "twofold layer" of acoustical

cladding gives better acoustical execution analyzed than the utilization of a

single, heavier layer.

Acoustical boundary

Acoustical boundary wrap enhances the transmission loss of the channel or conduit and

thusly minimizes breakout commotion. This boundary needs to be an overwhelming material

which is sufficiently adaptable to allow wrapping around little breadth

channeling. In the past lead sheeting was used for this reason however late concerns

over lead introduction and legitimate limitations concerning its utilization have rendered this

material out of date.

Current barrium

Current barrium sulfate stacked vinyls are best suited for this

application as this material introduces no known wellbeing risks. It is critical that

there be no obstruction crevices or open regions over the area of the establishment as these

speak to huge acoustical "releases" that incredibly diminish viability. Obstruction

weights of 0.5 lb./sq. ft. to 1.0 lb./sq. ft. (2.5 to 5.0 kg/sq. meter) are generally

detailed as these materials are thin enough to allow great workmanship by the

introducing foreman

As a relationship

 As a relationship, it is the air space between two

(2) sheets of glass which gives the protection properties of a window. Mind

should be taken on the off chance that a funnel convey steam or high temp water is to be

wrapped to guarantee that the temperature protection capacities of the decoupler

fulfill the venture prerequisites.

Light thickness

Light thickness decoupling material gives an air space detachment between the

funnel or pipe and the outer surface boundary cladding. This decoupler material is

ordinarily defined to be light thickness fiber glass with at least 1" (25 mm)

thickness. Thicknesses more noteworthy than 1" offer enhanced abilities up to a

commonsense maximum cutoff of roughly 2" to 3" (50 to 75 mm). The decoupler

material needs to be light and permeable as it is the air caught inside the material

which fills the need of acoustically dividing the divider of the channel or conduit

from the outer surface hindrance cladding