Introduction

Introduction In recent years, ventilation duct cleaning has grown into a huge industry, in response to surging public concern about indoor air pollution. The industry claims that cleaning ductwork can improve indoor air quality, control molds and other allergens, enhance heating, ventilating, and air‐ conditioning (HVAC) system performance, and reduce energy costs. Yet there is little scientific evidence to support these claims, and poor duct cleaning practices can actually cause or increase air quality complaints. This fact sheet provides guidance on when duct cleaning may be appropriate, how to protect building occupants during duct cleaning, and how to prevent the conditions that drive facility managers to undertake this costly procedure.    

Installation of Access

Installation of Access Doors in Ventilation Ducting
1  Operatives to check all PPE, cleaning equipment and chemicals required for the task. Refer to COSHH assessments supplied for chemicals being used. Operatives to set out all ‘Caution/Warning’ signage required and cordon off cleaning area prior to work commencing.
2  Only trained operatives are allowed to carry out this task.
3  Operatives to ensure that if a ‘Permit to Work’ system is in place, that it is read, understood and signed by those undertaking the task.
4  Operatives to carry out survey of ducting to determine best area for access panel to be fitted.
5  Operatives to erect the necessary access equipment, step ladders or ladders (note where possible tops of ladders should be placed on to a solid surface).
6  Operatives to mark the cutting edge of access door using the template supplied.
7  Operatives to coat along the cutting edge with lubricant.

Application of cleaning

 Application of cleaning solution onto cloth, brush system or suitable rather than on to blind system its self. General Note: Do not use too much pressure when cleaning as this may damage the surface or cause warping of the framework. Main contaminants are debris made up of skin and lint adhering to surfaces. Do not use any other chemicals other than the chemical stipulated, as this may strip the surface or leave streaky marks. If any blinds are damaged during cleaning immediately inform the Supervisor.
7  Full PPE to be worn including protective gloves to avoid finger cut injuries.
8  On completion of cleaning, operatives to dispose of all waste chemicals and materials on site and remove all cleaning equipment, chemicals and signage to company vehicle.
10  Operatives are not to leave the site until authorised by Superviso

Several national

Several national firms began marketing controversial air duct cleaning/encapsulating techniques in the late 1980's as an alternative to vacuum systems. The idea has been to trap and hold trapped dirt and spores. The use of sometimes questionable materials and the poor effectiveness of the procedure brought several Florida counties to require HVAC (heating, ventilation, air conditioning) licenses for contractors performing air duct cleaning services. • The use of sanitizing solutions to kill mold and bacteriological growth opens the question of safety for humans and pets in the air conditioned

from an attic

from an attic, a crawl space, or combustion air from a gas furnace, clothes dryer, stove, or water heater. If the supply duct system is leaking, the building can become depressurized, and air from outside may be drawn in to the ducting and distributed into the building. Either situation may decrease the quality of the indoor air. Research performed in the last 10 to 15 years has established these facts, and steadily increasing numbers of qualified HVAC contractors are learning how to eliminate duct leakage. How do you know if your duct system is in good condition? The most reliable and cost-effective way to find out is to have a duct test performed by a qualified contractor or technician using the proper test equipment. Duct testing is the process of using calibrated mechanical equipment to measure the amount of airflow that is lost through the duct system when it is at normal operating pressure. While some joints or seams may have only small leaks, other sections may be completely disconnected. Duct testing can indicate the relative leakiness of the ducts and help determine whether the duct system should be sealed, repaired, or renovated

In a country like China

In a country like China, with a rapidly developing economy and a mindboggling level of activity in the building sector, conditions are ideal for the development of an emerging heat pump and air-conditioning market. And there are many challenges for metropolitan Beijing, which is at the core of these developments. Beijing has an open eye for a better environment going hand in hand with city expansion and living and working space for its inhabitants and visitors. For the first time in the history of the IEA Heat Pump Programme, the conference was held in a country outside the IEA group of nations. But this may soon change, as China has announced that it plans to join the programme in the near future.
This overview article on the 7th Heat Pump Conference will focus on conference highlights and present some of the material submitted as well as the results of some of the discussions that took place. It consists of two parts: part 1 presents an overview of international market developments per region, with China, France and Sweden being highlighted, as well as a discussion of the energy and environment rationale behind using heat pumps; part 2 discusses various technological and related market developments and ground-source heat pumps in particula

electric utilities

electric utilities. The goal was to boost sales to 400,000 units by 2000. This goal was not achieved, partly because utilities were restructured, resulting in withdrawal of their support and marketing. Nevertheless, under this programme sales nearly doubled from 40,000 in 1994 to 80,000 in 1999, accelerating the growth of the industry.
In late 1998, the Federal Energy Management Programme established its ground-coupled heat pump technology initiative. Shipments in the US increased more than ten-fold from 1999 to 2001. It is the most cost-effective component of the overall DOE groundcoupled heat pumps programme that remains active today.
Ground-coupled heat pumps in the US remain possibly the best technology available today for reducing energy consumption from space heating and cooling, and from water heating: “Managing Btu’s with ground-coupled heat pumps - by moving them from room to room, from air conditioners to water heaters, or storing them in the ground for the winter - is a more prudent use of energy than dumping thermal energy into the air as virtually all conventional air conditioners do today

In the UK

In the UK, heat pumps have mainly found application in the commercial/ institutional sector, with an installed base in 2000 of some 600,000 systems. Current annual sales in the UK are estimated at 70,000 systems. These are mostly reverse cycle split systems. In the residential market around 380 units were sold in 2000 and a market is emerging for residential ground-source heat pumps. Thus, the commercial/ institutional market is expected to be the major area of heat pump application in the UK for the time frame 20002020. A model was developed that distinguishes ten sub-sectors. The model takes into account anticipated trends in construction, in the penetration of air conditioning, equipment replacement rates, changing fuel mix for electricity generation and improvements in the performance of heat pumps and fossil fuel boilers (the common heating system in the UK). Different refrigerants and SPFs (Seasonal Performance Factors) were used to calculate the direct and indirect components of the Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI). Figure 13 shows that the sub-sector with the greatest potential to reduce CO2 emissions is the office buildings sector with a reduction of 0.2 Mt in 202

China is eager

China is eager to use sustainable and sound technologies, as they have a positive effect on energy conservation and environmental protection. The Beijing municipal government has adopted heat pump technology as one of the four supporting technologies for realising the energy and environment targets of the city. We are sure that heat pump technologies will have a bright future in China, so we welcome more cooperation in the heat pump sector and other energy efficiency areas. We would like to take advantage of this opportunity to acknowledge the financial support provided by the conference sponsors. We would also like to extend our sincere thanks to all regional coordinators, speakers invited to the conference, session chairpersons, authors of papers, the conference secretariat and the participants, who have all supported the conference and put in a lot of hard work

Qualifying Homes and Business’

Qualifying Homes and Business’
The following requirements must be met to qualify: • Weatherization levels of the home must meet or exceed the following requirements: − Attic insulation of R-19 minimum (where physical construction of the attic allows installation of insulation by conventional methods) − Adequate weather-stripping − Adequate caulking Note: Additional weatherization such as floor insulation and storm windows may be required to meet minimum thermal balance point. • In a dwelling application, if requirements are not met, additional weatherization must be in the process of being installed to meet or exceed (up to the maximum allowed) those required levels. Weatherization standards and weatherization inspection procedures are found in the Reference Materials Manual.  Distributors may select requirements for  business applications. • Equipment shall be sized and selected to meet the requirements of the Installation Standards section of this section. These minimum weatherization measures shall be installed before the final inspection of the heat pump system. Installation of customer optional storm windows and floor insulation, installed in conjunction with the heat pump, must also be completed prior to the system inspection. All new weatherization measures installed must be in accordance with Reference Materials.

Polyethylene pipes

Polyethylene pipes shall be joined only by socket or butt heat fusion methods. Polybutylene pipe shall be joined only by the socket heat fusion method. Metal barbed fittings or clamps shall not be allowed below ground surface. ⇒ Only proper fusion equipment as specified by the heat pump and/or pipe manufacturer shall be used. Proper heater plate temperatures, heating times, and curing times for various grades, thickness, and sizes of pipe shall be maintained. ⇒ Equipment room piping may be plastic, copper, or other material as allowed by the heat pump manufacturer. − Heat Pump & Circulation System Equipment and Installation ⇒ Pressure/temperature (P/T) test ports, such as "Pete's Plugs" or equal, shall be installed at the "water-in" and "water-out" pipe connections on the heat pump. ⇒ All equipment room piping shall be insulated with 1/2-inch Armaflex (or equal) insulation to prevent condensation. ⇒ System components (such as circulating pumps) shall be installed as specified by the component and/or heat pump manufacturer. Only bronze or stainless steel pumps shall be allowed. ⇒ The system circulating pump(s) shall have sufficient capacity to provide the design gallon-per-minute flow rate of the fluid being used in the system. ⇒ The system circulating pump(s) shall provide sufficient fluid velocity in the earth coil to result in turbulent flow (Reynolds Number, R > 2500). The calculation shall be made with viscosity and density of the fluid taken at the system's designed lowest entering water temperature. ⇒ The QCN member shall determine if antifreeze is required for the earth coil design. Calcium chloride or potassium acetate (GS4) shall not be used as antifreeze because of their corrosive nature

Ground Water Source

Ground Water Source Heat Pump and Earth Coupled Heat Pump Inspection Procedures
Inspector shall verify the ground water source heat pump and earth couple heat pump adhere to installation standards. (See Installation Standards for certain sections that do not apply.) In addition, inspector shall do the following: • Check ground water source heat pump and earth coupled heat pump for installation of pressure/temperature (P/T) test ports installed in the "water-in" and "water-out" piping runs at the unit. The P/T test ports shall be as close as possible to the heat pump. • Check system heating capacity as follows: − Allow heat pump system to operate for at least 15 minutes. − Measure water pressure drop between water-in and water-out test plugs at heat pump. (Use same instrument to measure both to reduce error). − Measure entering water temperature at water-in test plug.
Section 2B   01/16/2007
 9
− Using manufacturer's performance data, determine the water flow rate (gallons per minute) and the heating capacity of the installation using the measured pressure drop and the measured entering water temperature. − Determine heating capacity by using the following formula: Btuh = TD x 1.1 x CFM TD = temperature difference between supply air and return air 1.1 = air properties constant CFM = Cubic feet per minute air calculated, from funnel, temperature rise, or return air method  − Verify that system capacity is + 10 percent of the equipment manufacturer's rating at the test conditions

Attic Insulation

Attic Insulation - Preparation Work - Checklist • Verify that all specified preparation work was completed. • Verify that no insulation has been added that would cause damage to the structure. • Verify that any needed preparation work, such as correcting roof leaks, to ensure the insulating ability of the insulation material has been completed. • Ensure that proper insulating materials have been placed around knob-and-tube wiring in accordance with TVA standards. • Ensure that all sources of infiltration (air leaks) from the conditioned area into the attic have been properly sealed. • If the vapor barrier was improperly installed on the existing insulation, verify that it has been properly installed or made ineffective before additional insulation was added. • Ensure that approved cover plates have been installed on electrical junction boxes and that all electrical connections are properly enclosed or the electrical junction boxes have been properly blocked around. • Verify that proper clearances and blocking have been provided around all heat-dissipating devices and objects, such as recessed light fixtures, chimneys, flues, and exhaust fans. • Verify that proper blocking has been provided when required around other devices, such as the attic access or stairway, doorbell transformers, whole-house attic fans, exhaust fans that are not vented to the outside, etc. • Ensure that the proper ventilation air space exists above insulation materials that previously contacted the roof sheathing (1-inch minimum). • Ensure that clothes dryer vents have been extended to the outside.
Attic Insulation - Unfinished Attics - Checklist • Verify that all work specified on it has been completed by comparing it with the Heat Pump Installation Inspection Checklist TVA 6254T and the installed materials. • Verify that approved materials have been installed. If loose-fill insulation was installed, verify that the installer left an empty insulation bag on the premises. • Ensure that insulation has been installed only in the areas which should have been insulated. • Ensure that the material installed meets the R-value which should have been installed. • Check that the builder's statement (attic card) has been attached to a rafter, joist, etc., is clearly visible from the attic access entrance, and has been completed in accordance with TVA standards. • Determine from the coverage chart on the attic card if the correct number of bags of loose-fill material (if installed) has been installed. If the density of the loose-fill insulation appears improper, proceed with the following: • Ask customers if they counted the number of bags actually installed and obtain the number.

There are no provisions for emergency heat mode

There are no provisions for emergency heat mode for DFHP packaged systems.  In the event of the heat pump compressor or associated refrigeration equipment becoming inoperative, the furnace shall provide all required heating controlled from the second stage of the indoor thermostat in the heating mode.
i. Manufactured Home Heat Pump Inspection Procedures Inspect Manufactured Home heat pump equipment and duct system(s) for adherence to Standards The preceding inspection procedures shall apply to all Manufactured Home heat pump systems except as follows:
1) See Standards for certain sections that do not apply to Manufactured Home heat pump equipment.
2) Verify that when heat pumps installed in manufactured homes use field installed supply and/or return ductwork section, and it is installed in compliance with Standards. (Major)
3) Check to see that the heat pump applied to manufactured housing ductwork is capable of operating within manufacturer's specifications and is approved for that use. (Major)
4) Verify that the manufactured home was made in 1976. (Major)
5) Verify that the heat pump/manufactured duct system provides the manufacturer's recommended air flow across the indoor coil. (Major)

TVA Recommended

TVA Recommended Heat Pump Installation Standards Encouraging the Purchase of Energy Efficient Heat Pumps The energy right ® Heat Pump Plan is designed to encourage the installation of electric heat pumps meeting program standards and requirements at residential dwellings and small commercial businesses. Under the plan, distributors of TVA power may be eligible to receive an MVP for installation of a heat pump meeting TVA’s installation standards. Qualifying Homes and Business’ The following requirements must be met to qualify: • Weatherization levels of the home must meet or exceed the following requirements: − Attic insulation of R-19 minimum (where physical construction of the attic allows installation of insulation by conventional methods) − Adequate weather-stripping − Adequate caulking Note: Additional weatherization such as floor insulation and storm windows may be required to meet minimum thermal balance point. • In a dwelling application, if requirements are not met, additional weatherization must be in the process of being installed to meet or exceed (up to the maximum allowed) those required levels. Weatherization standards and weatherization inspection procedures are found in the Reference Materials Manual. Distributors may select requirements for business applications. • Equipment shall be sized and selected to meet the requirements of the Installation Standards section of this section.

If the discharge pressure exceeds

corresponding signal from the ambient thermostat to satisfy the cooling demand. 6) When the unit stops at the end of an operating cycle, or through a power failure, the logic module will not allow it to start up again until 5 minutes have elapsed. This is to protect the compressor by allowing the operating voltages to even up. 7) If the discharge pressure exceeds 28 kg/cm2 , or the discharge temperature is over 130°C, the logic module will switch off the unit, leaving the system in lockout. 8) To re-set after a lock-out, turn off the power supply to the unit. The system will re-set and the unit will start up after 5 minutes. Winter cycle: Thermostat in HEAT position 1) The 4-way valve is deactivated, allowing the position for the heating circuit, which means that the indoor coil acts as condenser and the outdoor one as evaporator. 2) If the fan operating mode in the ambient thermostat is in the FAN ON position, the contactor is activated and the fan functions continuously. 3) With the logic module timing, the unit will start up after 5 minutes. 4) When the first stage of the thermostat connects, the contactor is activated and the compressor starts up. If the operating mode of the fan is "normal", the contactor is activated through the thermostat's heating circuit and the fan starts up. 5) The unit will function intermittently in response to the appropriate signals from the ambient thermostat to satisfy the demand for heating. 6) If the unit stops, after an operating cycle, or through a power failure, the logic module will not allow it to start up again until 5 minutes have elapsed. This is to protect the compressor by allowing the operating voltages to even up. 7) If the discharge pressure exceeds 28 kg/cm2 , or the discharge pressure is over 130°C, the logic module will stop the unit, leaving the system in lockout. 8) To re-set after a lock-out, switch off the power to the unit. The system will re-set and the unit start up after 5 minutes. 9) The auxiliary heater is activated when the auxiliary heating stage of the thermostat is connected. The logic module allows the indoor auxiliary heater to function if the outdoor temperature is below the balance point. If the outdoor temperature is above that set as the balance point, the indoor heater does not function. 10) The emergency heater (complementary) is connected when the outdoor temperature is lower than that preselected as the operating limit (-15°C, logic module), and the ambient thermostat demands the second heating stage.

This is a standard

 PrEN14825 This is a standard under development that aims to cover the laboratory testing and a calculation model for SPF calculations for electric driven heat pumps. The heat pumps are tested at a number of different part load conditions (4-6) designed for heating or cooling the house to a set temperature of 16°C at different outdoor temperatures. Different test conditions are given for each type of heat pump.  This standard serves as an input for the calculation of the system energy efficiency in heating mode of specific heat pump systems in buildings, as stipulated in the standard EN15316-4-2:2008.
System limits The model can be used to calculate the seasonal performance factor for air/air- ground source- and air source- heat pumps. The model does not include any losses from the house. To complete the heat demand of the building a backup heater with COP that equals to 1 is accounted for. The system boundary in SPF 4 applies. (Data is treated according to EN14511 where the effect of heat sink pumps and ventilation fans is corrected to overcome the pressure differences of the heat pump

Summary of already

Summary of already performed field measurements. In order to evaluate already made field measurements in Sweden, or made by Swedish manufacturers, meetings in the project discussed earlier made field measurements. The result is that there has been a large number of field measurements made during the last decades, see Appendix 1 and references [4- 6], but few studies have had the specific goal to examine the SPF. In order to make detailed analyses of the performance, also detailed data from the measurements are needed, and this was only available in two studies, the SP study ”Erfarenheter från fältutvärdering av fem bergvärmepumpar i Sjuhärad” and the Fraunhofer study “Heat Pump Efficiency” where a number of Swedish heat pump manufacturers participated with heat pump units. For Air-air heat pumps, only one study has been found [7]. These three studies are describes more in detail below

Similarly

Similarly, branch E must have the same pressure loss as the sum of losses in branches J, H, and F.  From Table 2 this loss is .026+.001+.010 = .037 in. of water.  Branch E has an equivalent length of 17 ft + 35 ft (elbow) = 52 ft.  The loss per 100 ft then is .037(100/52) = .071 in. /100 ft.  Locate the point .071 and 247cfm in an air friction chart.  From this point read the duct velocity to be 650 fpm and the duct size to be 8.5 inches in diameter.  
The remaining branches are sized using the same procedure.  This results in all branches having the same total pressure loss while having the required amount of flow in each branch.
8. Ventilation
The ventilation for this study was assumed to enter through an outside duct into the air handler.  If instead the fresh air is brought directly into the premises, the ventilation contributes to the sensible and latent heat loads of the interior space.  Assuming 320 cfm satisfies code requirements, the sensible load from the ventilation is given by equation 8
                      q = 1.1 (320) (95 – 80) = 5280 Bt/hr
The total internal sensible load is 35274 + 5280 = 40554 Btu/hr and the new flow rate required from the air handler is
© Gary D. Beckfeld  Page 15 of 21
                     w = 40554/ ((1.1) (95-80)) = 2457 ft3 /min
www.PDHcenter.com                                    PDH Course M199                                    www.PDHonline.org
Similarly, the latent load from the ventilation can be calculated and a new total latent heat load and new sensible heat ratio, SHR, found.  Entering the new SHR on the psychrometric chart locates a new point 1, new coil temperature, and new enthalpy values for resizing the required cooling tonnage.
9. Cooling Load Temperature Difference and Heating Degree Days
In the heat conduction equation 2, the difference between the maximum outside temperature and desired inside temperature was used.   Equation 2 can also be used a

These energy losses

These energy losses have two differenteffects: 1) They increase the energy consumption of the system (the equipmenthas to provide greater air flow to compensate for the losses). 2) The airflow passing through the ductloses its original hygrometric characteristics and reaches the targetareas with a humidity and temperature differentto thatanticipated by the original design.
The effective solution for avoiding such losses is a combination of two measures: 1) Provide the ductnetwork with effective thermal insulation,(for example,either constructed from insulating panel material – such as ISOVER glass wool ductboards,or adding insulation,either as ductwrap or ductliner from ISOVER glass wool or ULTIMATE. 2) Minimize air leakage atducts joints.When glass wool ductboards are used,the joints are tightly sealed, thus minimizing thermal via this route. If metal ducts insulated with mineral wool insulation areplanned,then joints need to be sealed to preventair leakage.
b) Condensation
Another importantcharacteristic,linked to appropriate thermal insulation,is the possibility of condensation in ducts (see chapter 2).
All such projects arerequired to avoid condensation in the ductnetwork,as this invariable leads to mould or bacterial infestation of the system.At this point it should be noted that neither ISOVER mineral wool norULTIMATE new generation mineral wool encourage the developmentor proliferation of moulds.

BASIC OPERATION

BASIC OPERATION
4.1 TURNING ON THE SCALE
Plug in the unit using the AC adapter or use batteries. Do not use battery power and
the AC adapter at the same time.
1) To turn on press the [on/off] key once and release. All of the segments on
the display will light up, then the display shows zero >0<
2) The scale is ready to be used.
3) To turn the scale off after use press the [on/off] key again. There is an auto
power-off function that will automatically turn the unit off after 4 min of
inactivity or no change in the weight reading.

Strategy to reduce return noise

Figure 8. Strategy to reduce return noise
As air speed increases in duct systems, so does the noise level. Ducts are sized to maintain the
maximum velocity of air without adding noise to the room. The type of air outlet chosen and its
placement in the room will have an impact on the noise levels in the house. Air that leaves an air
outlet at a higher velocity than the outlet is intended to handle will create an undesirable
whistling or hissing noise. Improperly placed or selected air outlets can also create a draft in the
occupied zone, which is a perceived comfort issue. When selecting an air outlet, the
manufacturer’s performance data will list a noise criteria (NC) rating based on a very specific set
of testing data. The NC ratings are based on laboratory testing of the air outlets. It is important to
realize that the listed criteria are for only that specific test situation; however, the data provide a
comparative rating. The NC ratings for residential settings are NC 30 or lower. Table 1 shows
how the NC ratings apply to familiar settings

F.3 Cargo holds

F.3 Cargo holds
F.3.1 General
F.3.1.1 Cargo hold ventilating systems are to be separated from the ventilation systems serving other
spaces.
F.3.1.2 If cargo holds are subdivided for reasons of stability, freeboard or fire protection (e.g. separate
flooding with CO2) this has to be taken into account for the design of the ventilation systems.
F.3.1.3 Air ducts and components of ventilation systems are to be so installed that they are protected
from damage.
F.3.1.4 For the types of protection generally to be applied for ventilating systems and the associated
electrical equipment, see the GL Rules for Electrical Installations (I-1-3), Section 1, Table 1.10.
F.4 Dangerous goods in packaged form
F.4.1 The requirements on the capacity of the ventilation system, the certified safe type of electrical
explosion protection, the electrical protection and mechanical design are summarised in the GL Rules for
Machinery Installations (I-1-2), Section 12 P, Table 12.10a to 12.10e and are related to the requirements
indicated in SOLAS, Chapter II-2, Regulation 19.
F.4.2 If mechanical ventilation is required, independent exhaust ventilation is to be provided for the
removal of gases and vapours from the upper and lower part of the cargo space. This requirement is considered
to be met if the ducting is arranged such that approximately 1/3 of the air volume is removed from
the upper part and 2/3 from the lower part. The position of air inlets and air outlets shall be such as to
prevent short circuiting of the air. Interconnection of the hold atmosphere with other spaces is not permitted.

Ventilation Requirements for the Carriage of Dangerous

Ventilation Requirements for the Carriage of Dangerous
Goods
F.1 Zone 1 (Hazardous area)
F.1.1 Areas in which a dangerous gas/air mixture, dangerous vapours or a dangerous quantity and
concentration of dust are liable to occur from time to time are defined to be areas subject to explosion
hazard and are defined to be Zone 1.
F.1.2 Zone 1-areas are:
 closed cargo spaces intended for carriage of solid goods in bulk which may develop dangerous dust
 closed cargo spaces and closed or open ro-ro cargo spaces, intended for carriage of explosive substances
in packaged form, flammable liquids with a flash point  23 °C in packaged form, flammable
gases and highly dangerous bulk cargoes which under certain conditions develop a potentially explosive
gaseous atmosphere,
 enclosed or semi-enclosed rooms with non-closable direct openings to zone 1 areas
 ventilation ducts for zone 1-areas
 areas on open deck or semi-enclosed spaces on open deck within 1.5 m around ventilation openings
of ventilation ducts for zone 1-areas.

Oxygen-acetylene storage rooms

Oxygen-acetylene storage rooms
E.15.1 Gas cylinder storage rooms are to be fitted with ventilation systems capable of providing at
least six air changes per hour based on the gross volume of the room. The ventilation system is to be
independent of ventilation systems of other spaces. The fans are to be of certified safe type IIC T2 and of
the non-sparking construction, see D.6
E.15.2 It is to be observed that a room temperature of 40 °C will not be exceeded.
E.15.3 If gas cylinders are stored in cabinets, openings for natural ventilation are to be provided in the
upper and the lower part.
E.16 Storage places of gas bottles for domestic purposes
The requirements as per E.15 apply.
E.17 Helicopter refuelling and hangar facilities
E.17.1 Enclosed hangar facilities or enclosed spaces containing refuelling installations shall be provided
with mechanical ventilation, as required for closed ro-ro spaces of cargo ships in accordance with
H.
E.17.2 Vessels for which the Class Notation HELILF will be assigned the GL Rules for Machinery and
Systems (I-6-2), Section 18, F.4 are to be applied concerning ventilation arrangements (e.g. air changes
per hours, electrical equipment).

Pipe Tunnels

Pipe Tunnels
E.13.1 Pipe tunnels are to be at least naturally ventilated.
E.13.2 If the pipe tunnels are to be entered via doors or hatches for operating (e.g. for normal operation
of valves or reading of measuring instruments) a mechanical ventilation shall be provided.
E.13.3 If the pipe tunnels are entered from the engine room the engine room ventilation system may
be accepted as sufficient means of mechanical ventilation.
E.13.4 Pipe tunnels containing ducts or pipes with flanges, valves or pumps and open ends to hazardous
areas requiring explosion proof equipment, belonging to the extended hazardous areas (zone 2),
see F.2 These areas are considered safe if they are ventilated with at least 6 changes of air per hour.
Should the ventilation fail, this shall be announced optically and audibly and the equipment not permitted
for the extended hazardous area shall be switched off.
E.14 Thruster rooms
Thruster rooms are to be provided with suitable ventilation so as to allow simultaneously crew attendance
and thruster machinery operation at rated power for the intended period of time.

If the emergency generator

If the emergency generator starts automatically it is to be ensured that the fire closures are
open. In case the fire closures do not open automatically, a warning plate is to be provided stating that
they are to be kept open all the time.
E.12 Emergency fire pump room
The ventilation system of the space in which the emergency fire pump respectively the fire pump outside
engine room is installed shall be so designed that smoke cannot enter the room in the event of a fire in
the engine room. Forced ventilation, if necessary for pump operation, is to be connected to the emergency
power supply. If continuously air supply is needed for operation of emergency fire pump than the
height of ventilation openings has to be in accordance with E.5.3.

For the separator spaces

For the separator spaces under E.10.1 and E.10.2 a specific capacity rate of 30 air changes
per hour is deemed to be sufficient. Higher air rates may be required due to heat generation within the
space.
E.11 Emergency generator rooms
E.11.1 The ventilation system serving the emergency generator room has to ensure a sufficient supply
of combustion and cooling air for the equipment installed.
E.11.2 In general, ventilators necessary to immediately supply the emergency generator room must
have coamings which comply with regulation 19(3) of LLC 1966, without weathertight closing appliances,
see also D.3.2. However, where due to vessels size and arrangement this is not practicable, lesser
heights for emergency generator room ventilator coamings may be accepted. In this case weathertight
closing appliances in accordance with regulation 19(4) of LLC 1966 in combination with other suitable
arrangements have to be provided to ensure an uninterrupted, adequate supply of ventilation to these
spaces 5.
E.11.3 Bulkheads between emergency generator room and open decks may have air intake openings
without means of closure, unless a fixed gas fire fighting system is fitted. However, for passenger vessels
carrying more than 36 passengers the ventilation openings are to be fitted with fire closures, which are to
be capable of being closed from outside the emergency generator room

Separator spaces

Separator spaces
E.10.1 Where fuel oil purifiers for heated fuel oil are installed in a separate enclosed space an independent
mechanical ventilation system (supply and exhaust air) is to be provided. This ventilation system
shall be so arranged that gas/air mixtures or vapours cannot enter into other parts of the engine room. A
ventilation system ensuring equivalent separation from the engine room ventilation system, e.g. by means
of locally controlled fire closures, may be accepted. For the height of ventilation openings E.5.3 is to be
observed.
E.10.2 Where fuel oil purifiers for heated fuel oil are installed in a space open to the engine room a
mechanical exhaust ventilation system is to be provided ensuring that gas/air mixtures or vapours cannot
enter into other parts of the engine room.